Lewis Structure Example Problem - Formaldehyde

Lewis dot structures are used to predict the geometry of a molecule. You will be able to draw a Lewis structure of the formaldehyde molecule after using this equation. Question Formaldehyde is a toxic organic molecule with molecular formula CH2O. Draw the Lewis structure of formaldehyde. Step 1 Find the total number of valence electrons. Carbon has 4 valence electronsHydrogen has 1 valence electronsOxygen has 6 valence electronsTotal valence electrons 1 carbon (4) 2 hydrogen (2 x 1) 1 oxygen (6)Total valence electrons 12 Step 2 Find the number of electrons needed to make the atoms happyCarbon needs 8 valence electronsHydrogen needs 2 valence electronsOxygen needs 8 valence electronsTotal valence electrons to be happy 1 carbon (8) 2 hydrogen (2 x 2) 1 oxygen (8)Total valence electrons to be happy 20 Step 3 Determine the number of bonds in the molecule.number of bonds (Step 2 - Step 1)/2number of bonds (20 - 12)/2number of bonds 8/2number of bonds 4 Step 4​ Choose a central atom.Hydrogen is the least electronegative of the elements, but hydrogen is rarely the central atom in a molecule. The next lowest electronegative atom is carbon. Step 5: ​ Draw a skeletal structure. Connect the other three atoms to the central carbon atoms. Since there are 4 bonds in the molecule, one of the three atoms will bond with a double bond. Oxygen is the only choice in this case since hydrogen only has one electron to share. Step 6: ​ Place electrons around outside atoms.There are 12 valence atoms total. Eight of these electrons are tied up in bonds. The remaining four complete the octet around the oxygen atom.Each atom in the molecule has a complete outer shell full of electrons. There are no electrons left over and the structure is complete. The finished structure appears in the picture at the beginning of the example.

Beka Lamb by Zee Edgell Essay - 1338 Words

Beka Lamb by Zee Edgell The four pillars of life include staying connected, motion, nutrition and reduction of stress. In the novel, Beka Lamb, by Zee Edgell, these pillars are examined. A novel about the upbringing and changes a young girl goes through. She makes some mistakes throughout her life but she soon realizes that she needs to alter her ways. With the help of a close friend, considered to be like a sister, she is able to look at life differently. Their friendship helps them to transform. Beka is a young teenager, going through a tough time in her life. Her parents had enrolled her in a Catholic school in order to give her a best education. They want her to strive to be the best that she can. While at school, Beka†¦show more content†¦Soon, Toycie became withdrawn and lost touch with reality. Being such a close friend, Beka had still tried to comfort her but she would not accept the helping hand. Although Toycie became too much to handle and distanced herself, Beka was still loyal and tried to reconnect with her. Until Toycie’s dying day, Beka still tried to regain the friendship she treasured with Toycie. Bonds are also formed amongst the characters because they are constantly talking to each other. The Lamb family is always talking. There is a great bond between Beka and her Grandma Ivy. They share a room together in the attic and are very close. When Toycie first tells Beka about her pregnancy, her first response was to go to Granny Ivy. She knows that Miss Ivy is able to hold a secret and give advice. Also, throughout the book, Beka is found spending a significant amount of time on the verandah with her grandmother. There they talk about the politics of the country. Miss Ivy also pushes Beka to attend political meetings about the People’s Independent Party, which she is an active member of. Being that they have a strong relationship, Miss Ivy also helps Beka with her household tasks and school work. It is evident that they hold a better relationship than the one that Beka and her mother, Miss Lilla, possess. Besides the connection between one andShow MoreRelated The Effects of Caribbean Colonization on the Family: Through the Eyes of Caribbean Women Writers2439 Words   |  10 Pagesand/or receive the required documentation that will allow her and her parents to see each other easily, again. Emotional separation between family members due to conflicts of family reactions to cultural identity can be found in â€Å"Beka Lamb†, by Zee Edgell. In this story, Bekas father and paternal grandmothers relationship, although a loving one, is strained by the differing opinions they have regarding the place each believes to hold in Belize, and the differing direction in which

The Sacred Space And Sacred Spaces Forged By The Divine

Since their creation, humans have sought to find meaning from the mundane existence of mortality. This quest for answers has motivated many to seek out the divine and sacred spaces forged by the divine. Biblical scholar and historian Mircea Eliade argues that, â€Å"man becomes aware of the sacred because it manifests itself [and] to designate the act of manifestations of the sacred [is the] proposed term hierophany† (Eliade 1959: 11). In other words, a hierophany exists when the divine chooses to reveal himself, by defining a space or object as sacred through the divine’s presence. After a hierophany occurs, the chosen object or space is deemed an axis mundi. Eliade defines axis mundi as, â€Å"a universal pillar which at once connects and supports heaven and earth and whose base is fixed in the world below† (Eliade 1959: 36). Using a comparative analysis of biblical texts and scholarly articles, this paper will discuss how a sacred space, specifically Jerusalem , manifests itself through God’s choosing. Therefore Jerusalem is the holy dwelling place of the divine, because God chose it through his application of multiple hierophanies and his establishment of axes mundi within the city’s walls. Jerusalem as a sacred dwelling place is reflected though its similarities to the Garden of Eden, where God created the first human beings on earth. In Genesis 2, â€Å"God had planted a garden in the east, [and] a river watering the garden flowed from Eden, there it was separated into fourShow MoreRelatedUt Unum Sint25504 Words   |  103 Pagesexamination of conscience Dialogue as a means of resolving disagreements Practical cooperation CHAPTER II - THE FRUITS OF DIALOGUE Brotherhood rediscovered Solidarity in the service of humanity Approaching one another through the Word of God and through divine worship Appreciating the endowments present among other Christians The growth of communion Dialogue with the Churches of the East Resuming contacts Sister Churches Progress in dialogue Relations with the Ancient Churches of the East Dialogue withRead MoreEssay Shield of Achilles and the Shield of Aeneas3655 Words   |  15 Pagesthe Hyades and the strength of Orion and the Bear (†¦)† (Il., 18.483-487)., to Greek life and events, which is found when Homer writes, â€Å"And the renowned smith of the strong arms made elaborate on it a dancing floor, like that which once in the wide spaces of Knosos Daidalos built for Ariadne of the lovely tresses. And there were young men on it and young girls, sought for their beauty with gifts of oxen, dancing, and holding hands at the wrist† (Il., 18.590-594). In fact, the majority of the shieldRead Mor eThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pagescom Read the Document CRAIMC01_xxx-031hr.qxp 2/8/11 3:42 PM Page 4 THE BIRTH OF CIVILIZATION C H A P T E R 1 5 writing is also associated with the growth of cities. Writing, like representational art, was a powerful means of communicating over space and time and was probably invented to deal with urban problems of management and record keeping. These attributes— urbanism; technological, industrial, and social change; long-distance trade; and new methods of symbolic communication—are definingRead MoreBirthstones9275 Words   |  38 Pagessemiprecious. The image at the top of this post is an artist’s concept of tiny specks of minerals found in the gemstones peridot, sapphires, and rubies, seen blowing in the winds of a quasar. Astronomers using NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope found evidence that such quasar winds might have forged these dusty particles in the very early universe. Traditionally, a birthstone is associated with each month of the year. For example, the birthstone for January is a garnet, while lucky babies born in April get a diamondRead MoreA Doll House by Henrik Ibsen7379 Words   |  30 Pagesit will shed light to questions as to the true purpose of the playwright in writing the play. Let me quote further the assertion of Michael Meyer, he noted, â€Å"A Doll House is no more about women’s rights than Shakespeare’s Richard II is about the divine right of kings, or Ghost about syphilis... Its theme is the need of every individual to find out the kind of person he or she is to strive to become that person† ( qtd. in Templeton 1135). Being regarded as feminist poet and revolutionary, IbsenRead More8 stages of social development6628 Words   |  27 Pagesspoilers  who love a good fight, and believe the Big Orange Money Machines are easy targets from which to exact tributes in various forms;   Blue zone ideologies  who defend the sacred against the secular and resent the intrusive technology and destruction of the holy orders and extol the purity of the faith, noble cause, and divine calling; and Green zone humanists and environmentalists  who level charges of exploitation, greed, and selfishness, noting the eradication of indigenous cultures and the poisoningRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesBabylon—a system and a place that is the enemy of the blacks of the world. FOREWORD ix 7. There is still no organized set of doctrines and teachings that constitute Rastafarianism, and no organized Rastafarian church, temple, or worship space exists. 8. There are numerous sects and groupings of Rastafarians, each holding to its own belief system and structure. 9. Rastafarianism is a deeply patriarchal religion that remains completely behoven to the Bible. 10. For the Rasta, the landRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand jungles into integral parts of the world’s economic and political landscape. In part, this reflected an expanding world population, as residents of the highest-density regions of Europe, South Asia, and China moved into the relatively empty spaces of the Americas, Southeast Asia, and northern Asia. But migrants to these areas also mined, cultivated, or harvested the minerals, cotton, rubber, hides, and other resources that fed the urban factories, as well as the wheat, soybeans, sugar, riceRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagescarry out everything from port expansions to hospital restructuring to upgrading information systems. They are creating next generation, fuel efficient vehicles, developing sustainable sources of energy, and exploring the farthest reaches of outer space. The impact of project management is most profound in the electronics industry, where the new folk heroes are young professionals whose Herculean efforts lead to the constant flow of new hardware and software products. Project management is not limitedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesprediction in 1929 (a month before the crash) that the stock market had reached â€Å"a permanently high plateau.† When Neil Armstrong walked on the moon in 1969, most people predicted that we would soon be walking on Mars, establishing colonies in outer space, and launching probes from lunar pads. In 1973, with long lines at the gas pumps due to an OPEC-led fuel crisis, economists predicted that oil would sell for $100 a barrel in the United States by 1980. Most notorious of all, of course, was the prediction

Pay-As-You-Go Social Security System

Question: Discuss about the report of "Pay-As-You-Go Social Security System". Answer: Pay-As-You-Go Social Security System: Economic Growth and Stability The social security system offers present and future employees with returns that are below the market rates since it is a sophisticated pay-as-you-go system of retirement. The workers suffer the burden of the liabilities that are not funded which emerge from windfall benefits to previous retirees (Fanti Gori, 2012). These principles are useful in examining the impacts of three demographic advances including the stumpy birth rate because the conclusion of the baby boom in 1965, the coming retirements of baby boomers as well as the declining trend in mortality of aging. The stumpy rate of birth diminishes the long-run rate of return of Social Security while the unfunded liability is being spread across the small proportion of workforces. The retirements of the baby boomers have no distinct challenge but denote the close of the provisional benefits triggered by the high rates of birth throughout the boom (Teles Mussolini, 2014). The burden of workers will not be necessarily changed since the declining mortality pattern has no effect on the long-term return rate or the number of employees through whom the unfinanced obligation is spreadable. Nevertheless, the policymakers are likely to adopt responses that will shift the burden from earlier to later generations. A pay-as-you-go system results in a lasting below-market rate of the returns equivalent to the rate of growth of the nationwide labour income. The unfunded liability of the system that describes the windfall gains cost given to previous pensioners who donated little system is the entire load levied on both future and current workforce by the returns of below-market (Wickens, 2011). The manner in which the economic effects of demographic development impacts the rate of growth of national labor alongside the unfunded liability allocation dictates such effects. The growth rate of the national income and the workforce is slowed by a lower rate of birth which decreases the long-run rate of return of the Social Security. Such lower rates raise the burden of the system on individual employee since the unfunded liability will only be spreadable across a small number of workers. The high rates of birth of baby boomers raise the Social Security return rate since it boosts the rate of growth of both national labor income and workforce thereby spreading the unfunded liability across a vast number of workforce. The baby boomers retirements are projected to end these temporary gains thus leaving the impacts of the lower post-1965 birth-rate to be faced by the system. The declining trend in the mortality of the aging population has no effect on the national labor income rate of growth (Viard, 2012). The aggregate gains must be decreased with the increasing number of retirees to address the issue of declining trend in ageing mortality while keeping the burden of workers unchanged. The unfunded liability of a mature pay-as-you-go describes the unavoidable start-up bonus cost provided to early workers. A generation will thus suffer below-market returns from one to the next if the system is continued perceived as the liability servicing cost (Viard, 2012). A current generation, on hand, will make a one-time payment of cost of transition of the same PV (present value) if the system is abolished and this cost is perceived as liability retiring cost (Kuhle, 2014). Shrinking the system is preferred to abolition in reducing both costs of transition and gain to future generation as abolition is expensive. Generation 2 can be taxed to pay the full benefit of generation one and informing generation simultaneously that such benefit will get rid of or decreased in the subsequent period thus shrinking or abolishing the cost of transition. The decision to shift from a pay-as-you-go system needs an examination of the rights, obligation as well as needs of various generations (Engelbrecht 2013). It has been argued by economists that gain to the future generations from gradually abolishing or shrinking the pay-as-you-go system validate the cost of transition to the existing generation. In summary, economic examination of pay-as-you-go social security gives intuitions into the differences and similarities of the developments of three demographics which account for aging of America. However, such insights have remained overlooked in big discussions mainly focusing on whether the Congress will have to change the current legislation to deal with these developments compared to how these events eventually affect various well-being after any legal alterations are made (Teles Mussolini, 2014). The current demographic developments are expected to raise the load that pay-as-you-go social security inflict on upcoming generations. Shifting from pay-as-you-go system will eliminate the encumbrances, but foist a significant cost of changeover to the present cohorts. References Engelbrecht, Hans-Jrgen. (2013). "Introduction to Economic Growth, Charles I. Jones New York, WW Norton Company, 1998, xii+ 200 pp., AU $41.95, ISBN 0-393-97174-0." (2013): 97-100. Fanti, L., Gori, L. (2012). Economic growth and stability with public pay-as-you-go pensions and private intra-family old-age insurance. Research in Economics, 66(3), 219-229. Kuhle, W. (2014). The dynamics of utility in the neoclassical OLG model. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 52, 81-86. Teles, V. K., Mussolini, C. C. (2014). Public debt and the limits of fiscal policy to increase economic growth. European Economic Review, 66, 1-15. Viard, A. D. (2012). Pay-as-you-go social security and the aging of America: An economic analysis. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Economic and Financial Review. Wickens, M. (2011). Macroeconomic theory: a dynamic general equilibrium approach. Princeton University Press.